Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) was developed by the Council of Europe. The aim was to ensure that language acquisition, the application of language and the language competency of students in Europe were transparent and comparable. To do so, the CEFR examined the partial qualifications (reading comprehension, listening comprehension, writing and speaking) and formulated six levels of competency. This provides a basis for curricular guidelines, learning materials and qualifications in European language work.

The different levels of the CEFR

The basic levels are:

• A: Basic user
• B: Independent user
• C: Proficient user

These are then broken down into six language levels.

A: Basic user

A1 – Breakthrough

Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.

A2 – Waystage

Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need.

B: Independent user

B1 – Threshold

Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise while travelling in an area where the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans.

B2 – Vantage

Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialization. Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options.

C: Proficient user

C1 – Effective Operational Proficiency

Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning. Can express ideas fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.

C2 – Mastery

Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. Can summarise information from different spoken and written sources, reconstruct arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in the most complex situations.

Benefits of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR):

1. Standardized Language Proficiency Measurement:

• The CEFR provides a standardized framework for assessing and measuring language proficiency across different languages. This uniformity facilitates clear communication about language skills in a way that is internationally recognized.

1. Facilitates Language Learning Objectives:

• The six levels defined by the CEFR help learners and educators set clear language learning objectives. Students can easily identify their current proficiency level and set realistic goals for improvement.

1. Guidance for Curriculum Development:

• The CEFR serves as a valuable guide for curriculum development in language education. Educators can design courses and learning materials aligned with specific CEFR levels, ensuring a systematic and progressive approach to language acquisition.

1. Enhanced Mobility and Recognition:

• The CEFR promotes language proficiency transparency, facilitating mobility for students and professionals across Europe. It helps educational institutions and employers recognize and understand the language skills of individuals, fostering international collaboration.

1. Quality Assurance in Language Education:

• Institutions can use the CEFR to ensure the quality and effectiveness of language education programs. By aligning their curriculum and assessments with the CEFR, institutions can maintain high standards and offer students a clear path to language proficiency.

1. Cross-Cultural Understanding:

• The CEFR encourages a cross-cultural perspective by promoting language proficiency as a means of effective communication. This understanding goes beyond linguistic skills, emphasizing the importance of cultural awareness in language learning.

1. Adaptability Across Contexts:

• The CEFR is adaptable to various language learning contexts, whether in academic settings, professional environments, or self-directed learning. Its flexibility allows for the assessment and development of language skills in diverse situations.

1. Versatility Across Languages:

• The framework is not language-specific, making it applicable to a wide range of languages. This universality encourages a holistic approach to language education and proficiency assessment.

1. Integration into Language Policies:

• Many European countries have integrated the CEFR into their language policies, ensuring a cohesive approach to language education and assessment at national levels. This integration fosters collaboration and consistency in language programs.

1. Continuous Learning and Improvement:
   • The CEFR emphasizes the importance of lifelong language learning. Its structured levels encourage individuals to pursue continuous improvement in their language skills, promoting a culture of ongoing learning and development.

In summary, the CEFR plays a crucial role in shaping language education and assessment practices, fostering international communication, and promoting lifelong language learning. Its impact extends beyond Europe, influencing language programs and policies globally.